Targeting a Resilient Heroin Market

[78] U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2010 World Drug Report 48 (United Nations Publications 2010) (“UNODC estimates that 25% of all Afghan heroin –or 95 mt- are trafficked each year from Afghanistan into the Central Asian Republics (CARs) towards the Russian Federation.”) (citing U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], Addiction, Crime, and Insurgency: The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium (United Nations Publications 2009)

[79] See, U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], Addiction, Crime, and Insurgency: The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium, 50 (United Nations Publications 2009)

[80] U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2010 World Drug Report 51 (United Nations Publications 2010) (“The remainder, approximately 75-80 mt of heroin, enters the Russian Federation. Some 70 mt is

annually consumed by heroin users in the Russian Federation and an average of 3 mt of heroin is seized annually. This leaves an estimated 4 mt of heroin to exit into Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic countries and the Nordic countries.”)

[81] STRATFOR Global Intelligence, Afghanistan: Global Trade for Illicit Opiates 2 (March 29, 2010)

(“Over the past 20 years, Russia has gone from being a trans-shipment route for heroin to a major consumer of heroin, the second largest market in th world behind Europe.”)

[82] U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2010 World Drug Report 52 (United Nations Publications 2010) (“In terms of absolute numbers, the Russian Federation is particularly affected with its 1.5 million addict population.”);  See Also, Joint U.N. Programme on HIV/AIDS [UNAIDS], UNAIDS Report on the Global Aids Epidemic 2010 38 (Claiming that Russia has 1.8 million people who inject drugs).

[83] STRATFOR Global Intelligence, Afghanistan: Global Trade for Illicit Opiates 7 (March 29, 2010)

[84] See FN. 57 above.

[85] Central Asian countries: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan.

[86] See, U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2010 World Drug Report 52-53 (United Nations Publications 2010) (“A local market of 282,000 heroin users, consuming approximately 11 mt of heroin annually. In the CARs, nearly 15 years of continuous heroin transit has created) See Also, U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], Addiction, Crime, and Insurgency: The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium, 50 (United Nations Publications 2009) (“While Central Asian (CA) countries are the main trafficking route for Afghan heroin into the Russian Federation, they also have growing domestic markets.  Around 12 tons of heroin is estimated to be consumed by 280,000 heroin users in CA countries annually.”); Also, it can be inferred from the exportation of precursor chemicals from the Russian Federation that these chemicals are trafficked through Central Asian countries to Afghanistan.

[87] U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2010 World Drug Report 48 (United Nations Publications 2010)

[88] Id.

[89] See FN 57 Above.

[90] U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], Addiction, Crime, and Insurgency: The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium, 44-45 (United Nations Publications 2009)

[91] U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2010 World Drug Report 20 (United Nations Publications 2010)

[92] (FN: an estimated 2.2 million users p. 44 insurgency)

[93] See, U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2010 World Drug Report 22 (United Nations Publications 2010) (“About 11 mt of Afghan heroin trafficked through Pakistan is shipped to China … ”); See Also, U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], Addiction, Crime, and Insurgency: The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium, 44-45 (United Nations Publications 2009)   (“Most heroin in China, however, continues to be produced in and trafficked from Myanmar and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic … [for which] 70 per cent of the heroin seized in China comes from Myanmar.  It appears that the remainder, some 25 per cent, may be sourced in Afghanistan.”)

[94] U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], Addiction, Crime, and Insurgency: The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium, 44 (United Nations Publications 2009)   (“According to seizure data from Australia, half of the heroin consumed in Australia is shipped from China (around one ton).”)

[95] U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2010 World Drug Report 43-44 (United Nations Publications 2010)

[96] U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], Addiction, Crime, and Insurgency: The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium, 58 (United Nations Publications 2009) (“Before 2002, Myanmar and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic were the man heroin suppliers for markets in China, India and other coutnries in South, East and SouthEast Asia, and Oceania.”)

[97] See,  U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2008 World Drug Report (United Nations Publications 2008)

[98] Id. (China alone had an estimated 25 million opium addicts.  Something not seen by any other country to date.)

[99] Id. at 217 (“The HIV virus and Hepatitis C were both identified in the 1980s, after the 1961 and 1971 Conventions were drawn up and came into effect.”)

[100] Id.

[101] U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2010 World Drug Report 46 (United Nations Publications 2010)  (An estimated 1,100 mt of Afghan opium is exported “annually to its immediate neighbors (the Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan, and Central Asia) and further to a global market of some 4 million opium consumers – most of which are in Asia.”) (Citing U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], Addiction, Crime, and Insurgency: The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium, 11 (United Nations Publications 2009) (Global opium consumption 1,100 in 2008: Iran: 42% (450 tons); Europe (except Russia and Turkey) 9% (95 tons); Other 9% (90 tons); S & SE Asia 8% (75 tons); Pakistan 7% (80tons); India 6% (67 tons); Africa 6% (60 tons); Russian Federation 5% (58 tons); and Myanmar 1% (7 tons).  Also, Afghanistan keeps around 7% (80 tons) for itself)).

[102] U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2008 World Drug Report 214, Fig. 27 (United Nations Publications 2008)

[103]Joint U.N. Programme on HIV/AIDS [UNAIDS], UNAIDS Report on the Global Aids Epidemic 2010 38 (2010) (“In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the number of people living with HIV has almost tripled since 2000 and reached an estimated total of 1.4 million [1.3 million–1.6 million] in 2009 compared with 760 000 [670 000–890 000] in 2001 (Table 2.5 and Figure 2.13). A rapid rise in HIV infections among people who inject drugs at the turn of the century caused the epidemic in this region to surge.”)

[104] See, Joint U.N. Programme on HIV/AIDS [UNAIDS], UNAIDS Report on the Global Aids Epidemic 2010 38 (2010); See Also, U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2010 World Drug Report 52 (United Nations Publications 2010) (“To date, there are over a quarter of a million registered HIV cases (although  the number of unregistered cases is estimated to be much higher than this) in the Russian Federation. Of

these, over 80% are intravenous drug users.”)

[105] Joint U.N. Programme on HIV/AIDS [UNAIDS], UNAIDS Report on the Global Aids Epidemic 2010 38 (2010)

[106] U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], 2010 World Drug Report 53 (United Nations Publications 2010) (Citing FN 57 and 58)

[107] Joint U.N. Programme on HIV/AIDS [UNAIDS], UNAIDS Report on the Global Aids Epidemic 2010 72 (2010)