References

[1] Kim Chipman and Julianna Goldman, “Obama Says Iraq Surge Success Beyond ‘Wildest Dreams,’” Bloomberg News, September 4, 2008, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aM9XOyqf06lI (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[2] Barnett R. Rubin, “Saving Afghanistan,” Foreign Affairs 86, no. 1 (January/February 2007): 57.

[3] Enrico Bisogno, Anna Alvazzi del Frate, and Philip Davis, “Corruption in Afghanistan: Bribery as Reported by the Victims,” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Statistics and Surveys Section, Kabul, Afghanistan, January 2010, 13, http://www.unodc.org/documents/afghanistan/Anti-Corruption/Corruption_in_Afghanistan_Bribery_Reported_by_Victims_2010-Eng.pdf (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[4] Ibid., 17.

[5] Rani D. Mullen, “Afghanistan in 2008: State Building at the Precipice,” Asian Survey 49, no. 1, A Survey of Asia in 2008 (January/February 2009): 35.

[6] Gregg Carlstrom, “Study Says Afghan Graft Worsening,” Al Jazeera, July 13, 2010, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2010/07/201078124118415689.html (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[7] Ibid.

[8] Corruption Perceptions Index 2011, Transparency International, http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2011/ (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[9] Global Integrity Report, Global Integrity, available at http://www.globalintegrity.org/report (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[10] Afghanistan Country Profile, 2012 Index of Economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation, available at http://www.heritage.org/index/country/afghanistan (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[11] Rory Stewart, “Time to End the War in Afghanistan,” TED Talks, TED Global 2011 Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland, July 2011, http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/rory_stewart_time_to_end_the_war_in_afghanistan.html (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[12] Bisogno et al. 2012, 13. Rani D. Mullen, “Afghanistan in 2009: Trying to Pull Back from the Brink,” Asian Survey  50, no. 1 (January/February 2010): 133.

[13] “Annual OSAC Crime & Safety Report—Afghanistan,” Unclassified Memo, US Dept. of State, Kabul Embassy, January 10, 2009, http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/01/09KABUL47.html (accessed March 19, 2011).

[14] Mullen 2010, 133.

[15] Rubin 2007, 57.

[16] Mullen 2009, 37.

[17] Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel, Economic Gangsters: Corruption, Violence and the Poverty of Nations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 18.

[18] Susan Rose-Ackerman, Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 9.

[19] Ibid., 10.

[20] Robert Rotberg, “How Corruption Compromises World Peace and Stability,” Corruption, Global Security, and World Order (Cambridge, MA: Brookings Institution Press, 2009), 2–3.

[21] Rose-Ackerman 1999, 25–26.

[22] Jonathan Steele, “Afghanistan: Can Aid Make a Difference?” The Guardian, November 18, 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/19/afghanistan-aid-programme-taliban (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[23] World Bank, “Fighting Corruption in Afghanistan,” World Bank, Note Prepared for Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund Donors Meeting, Paris, France, June 5, 2008, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFGHANISTANEXTN/Resources/305984-1201489063036/4608353-1213149149023/CorruptionNoteParis.pdf (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[24] Rose-Ackerman 1999, 10.

[25] Karen Hussmann, “Working Towards Common Donor Responses to Corruption: Joint Donor Responses vis-à-vis Corruption in Afghanistan: Myth or Reality?,” OECD Development Assistance Committee—Anti-Corruption Task Team, October 18, 2009, 3.

[26] Rose-Ackerman 1999, 10.

[27] World Bank, “Fighting Corruption in Afghanistan.”

[28] Rose-Ackerman 1999, 23.

[29] Ashish Kumar Sen, “Afghans Say Official Corruption Helps Taliban,” Washington Times, July 8, 2010, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jul/8/afghans-say-official-corruption-helps-taliban/ (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[30] Rose-Ackerman 1999, 9.

[31] Walter Mayr, “Criticism Grows of Afghanistan’s Bloated NGO Industry,” Der Spiegel, September 22, 2010, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,718656,00.html (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[32] BBC News, “War of Billions: How has Afghanistan Changed?” BBC News, October 4, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15115539 (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[33] Andrew Higgins, “Officials Puzzle over Millions of Dollars Leaving Afghanistan by Plane for Dubai,” Washington Post, February 25, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/24/AR2010022404914.html?hpid=moreheadlines (accessed Oct. 8, 2012) (emphasis added).

[34] Ibid.

[35] Ibid.

[36] Ibid.

[37] Rose-Ackerman 1999, 2.

[38] Kim Barker, “Letter from Kabul: Solving Afghanistan’s Problems,” Foreign Affairs, November 30, 2009, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/features/letters-from/letter-from-kabul-solving-afghanistans-problems (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).

[39] Mullen 2010, 135.

[40] International Crisis Group, “Aid and Conflict in Afghanistan,” International Crisis Group, Asia Report No. 210, August 4, 2011, available at http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/media-releases/2011/asia/aid-and-conflict-in-afghanistan.aspx (accessed Oct. 8, 2012).