YEREVAN, Armenia – That an Armenian repatriate, American-born into a legacy of remembrance inherited from a line of survivors of genocide nearly a century ago, feels compelled to entitle his thoughts with a focus on Turkey – and not Armenia – reveals a larger problem, a gaping wound, and an imperative for closure long overdue on both sides of history’s tragic divide.
The new Armenia, independent of its longstanding statelessness since 1991, is my everyday life, as are the yearnings of my fellow citizens for their daily dignity, true democracy, the rule of law, and an empowering end to sham elections and the corruption, arrogance and unaccountability of power.
“Generation next” is neither victim nor subject, nor any longer an infidel “millet.” We seek not, in obsequious supplication, to curry the favor of the world’s strong and self-important, whose interests often trump their own principles and whose geopolitics engulf the professed values of liberty and justice for all. Gone are the residual resources for kissing up or behind.
And so, with a clarity of conscience and a goodness of heart, I expect Turkey and its administration to address the multiple modern challenges they face and offer to this end a list of realities, not commandments, that will help enable a new era of regional understanding and the globalization of a peaceful order that countenances neither victims nor victimizers.
1. Measure sevenfold, cut once: This old local adage suggests a neat lesson for contemporary officials. Before launching, at Davos or elsewhere, pedantic missiles in condemnation of the excesses of others, think fully about the substance and implications of your invectives. This is not a narrow Armenian assertion; it includes all relevant dimensions, including all minorities. Occupation, for its part, is the last word Turkish representatives should be showering in different directions at different international fora, lest someone require a textbook definition of duplicity. Maintain dignity but tread lightly, for history is a powerful and lasting precedent.
2. Self-reflection: Democracies achieve domestic success, applicants accomplish European integration, and countries become regional drivers only when they have the political courage and moral fortitude to undergo this process. Face yourself, your own conduct, and the track record of state on behalf of which you speak. Not only the success stories and points of pride, but the whole deal. Be honest and brave about it; you do possess the potential to graduate from decades of denialism. Recent trends in civil society, however tentative and preliminary, attest to this.
3. The Armenian genocide: Don’t revise history; recognize the historical record and take responsibility. There is a wealth of evidentiary documentation, more than sufficient to disarm the various instruments of official denial that have been employed over the years. But this is only the paperwork. The most damning testimony is not in the killing of more than a million human souls in a manifest execution of the 20th century’s first genocide or, in the words of the American ambassador reporting at the time, “race extermination.”
4. Homeland-killing: Worse than genocide, as incredible as that sounds, is the premeditated deprivation of a people of its ancestral heartland. And that’s precisely what happened. In what amounted to the Great Armenian Dispossession, a nation living for more than four millennia upon its historic patrimony was in a matter of months brutally, literally, and completely eradicated from its land. Unprecedented in human history, this expropriation constitutes to this day a murder, not only of a people, but of a civilization and an attempt to erase a legacy of culture, a time-earned way of life. This is where the debate about calling it genocide or not becomes absurd, trivial, and tertiary. A homeland was exterminated by the Turkish republic’s predecessor and under the world’s watchful eye, and we’re negotiating a word. Even that term is not enough to encompass the magnitude of the crime.
5. Coming clean: It is the only way to move forward. This is not a threat, but a statement of plain, unoriginal fact. Don’t be afraid of the price tag. What the Armenians lost is priceless. Instead of skirting this catastrophic legacy through counterarguments or commissions, return to the real script and undertake your own critical introspection and say what you plan to do to right the wrong, to atone for and to educate, to revive and restore, and to celebrate the Armenian heritage of what is today eastern Turkey. Finally take the initiative for a real reconciliation based on the terrible truth but bolstered by a fresh call to candor.
6. Never again: The rewards of coming to this reality check far outweigh its perils. What is unfortunately unique about the Holocaust is not the evil of the Shoah itself, but the demeanor of postwar Germany to face history and itself, to assume responsibility for the crimes of the preceding regime, to mourn and to dignify, to seek forgiveness and make redemption, and to incorporate this ethic into the public consciousness and the methodology of state. A veritable leader of the new Turkey, the European one of the future, might do the same, not in cession but in full expression of national pride and honor. My grandmother, who survived the genocide owing to the human heights of a blessed Turkish neighbor who sheltered little Khengeni of Ordu from the fate of her family, did not live to see that day.
7. The politics of power: Turkey’s allies can help it along this way. Whether it’s from the West or the East, the message for Turkey is that, in the third millennium AD, the world will be governed by a different set of rules: that might will respect right, that no crime against humanity or its denial will be tolerated. The Obama Administration bears the burden, but has the capacity for this leadership of light. And it is now being tested.
8. Turkey and Armenia: These sovereign neighbors have never, in all of history, entered into a single bilateral agreement with each other. Whether diplomatic, economic, political, territorial, or security-specific, no facet of their relationship, or the actual absence thereof, is regulated by a contract freely and fairly entered into between the two republics. It’s about time. Hence, the process of official contacts and reciprocal visits that unraveled in the wake of a Turkey-Armenia soccer match in September 2008 should mind this gap and structure the discourse not to disdain the divides emanating from the past, but to bridge them through the immediate establishment of diplomatic relations without the positing or posturing of preconditions, the lifting of Turkey’s unlawful border blockade, and a comprehensive, negotiated resolution of all outstanding matters, based on an acceptance of history and the commitment to a future guaranteed against it recurrence.
9. Third-party interests: Nor should the fact of dialogue, as facially laudable as it is, be exploited as an insincere justification to deter third-parties, and particularly the U.S. Congress, from adopting decisions or resolutions that simply seek to reaffirm the historical record. Such comportment, far from the statesmanship expected, contradicts the aim and spirit of rapprochement.
10. The past as present: The current Armenian state covers a mere fraction of the vast expanse of the great historical plateau upon which the Armenians lived until the surgical disgorgement of homeland and humanity that was 1915. Accordingly, as improbable as it seems in view of its ethnic kinship with Azerbaijan, modern-day Turkey also carries the charge to discard outdated and pursue corrective policies in the Caucasus. This high duty applies not only to a qualitatively improved and cleansed rapport with the Republic of Armenia, but also in respect of new regional realities.
On the road to inevitable self-discovery, Turkey, its future with Armenia, and their immediate neighborhood have come to form one of the planet’s most sensitive and seismic tectonic plates. Integrity, equity, and a bit of humility might help to save the day. And our world.
Unfortunately, Mr Hovannisian’s self-righteous rhetoric and slick posturing are a thin disguise for a gross misrepresentation of the facts.
1. The land which Hovannisian would have us believe to be the Armenian’s “Historic Patrimony” and “Homeland” was inhabited by a very large Turkish Majority for Centuries before 1915. Outside Western powers encouraged the more bellicose elements among the minority Armenian Population to pursue a path of insurrection and rebellion at a time when their Turkish Rulers were most vulnerable! Their GROSS MISCALCULATION recklessly endangered the lives of thousands of innocent Armenian Non-Combatants in a highly dangerous and volatile wartime environment ! They themselves would later admit in documents still extant that they miscalculated; underestimated the strength of their Turkish Rulers whom they thought they could overthrow and overestimated the help which they thought they could count on from outside Western Powers.
2. Unable to support their assertions with historical facts, Armenian Propagandists Libel and Slander their ideological opponents charging them with “denialism” and “revising history”. They don’t want any “commissions” to openly examine the facts; their ethnic hatred has been passed-down from generation to generation and they are thirsting for revenge. They’d much rather rely on their self-proclaimed “genocide scholars” who can be counted on to label as “genocide” almost any conflict (such as the Greek conflict) between Christians and Moslems. In fact there is a long list of impartial Authoritative Western Historians who reject the “genocide” label for the 1915 events.
3. Hovanissian’s mention of his “grandmother” is typical. Turks also died at the hands of merciless Armenian Terrorists in Anatolia and have had to listen to these stories from their grandparents. Actual historical facts – not grandmother stories – must be thoroughly and comprehensively examined to support a claim of “genocide”.
4. Why doesn’t Mr Hovanissian tell us about the innocent Turkish Civil Servants who died at the hands of merciless Armenian Terrorists during the 70’s and 80’s right here in the USA and who were cheered-on by these same Armenian Propagandists who insist on a “genocide” label for the 1915 events ?
Listen Mr. Hovanissian: We are Americans! We don’t respond to people who come here preaching a holy war by Christians who want to reclaim land conquered six centuries ago by Moslems!! Take your ethnic hatred elsewhere! Your Slick language doesn’t work here!
Your charge against the author is based on a) your blaming the victim and b) denial of the atrocities Armenians endured during the First World War. Take your ignorance elsewhere. Such moral and intellectual cowardice doesn’t work here!
Dear Informed_American,
Instead of cutting and pasting Turkish propaganda texts, please spend some time studying the history of Asia Minor. Then you may wish to answer the following simple factual questions:
When were the first Armenian coins cut with the head and name of the Armenian king?
In which years was Armenia a Roman province?
In which year Christianity was adopted as state religion in Armenia?
When you come up with the three dates in the previous questions, you may attempt the following bonus question:
Where were the Turks at these times?
If you appreciate this little challenge, I can give you the next one, based entirely on events in 1915.
“This high duty applies not only to a qualitatively improved and cleansed rapport with the Republic of Armenia, but also in respect of new regional realities.” – how nice! Turkey has to reflect on the Great Armenia history, and Azerbaijan has to accept occupation %16 of its territory. You are really a realistic person.
The Russian fortpost, millitary base, all of Armenian industry and infrastructure are in Russian hands, Russia finances this country, Russia in a recent history which we experiences (not a make history of armenian “scholars”) gave to Armenia arms worth in excess of $1 bln. And Armenia is no longer “kissing up and behind”? Who do you think you are fooling here?
If you want to know Armenian history in Caucasus, listen to the Russain tsar to speak about it:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-1FK57LSik
For 300 years armenian have been settling in the Caucaus.
“informed american” is a guise that those supporting the turkish cause resort to on the web. They are invariably nationalist Turks, the “useful idiots” of the turkish state, while others are paid propagndists, which unhappily is the case with disgraced former Republican member Robert Livingstone and newly wealthy ex member Richard Gebhardt, who is said to building a posh new home in the California wine country with Turkish state blood money paid to his lobbying firm.
The favorite argument of the Turkish Republic and its followers, paid and unpaiid, is that Armenians died in a civil war, as armed combatants. This theory is understandably popular with the state, but has no purchase outside of Turkey other than for a very small and dwindling number of scholars. Even a growing consensus among Turkish historians rejects it.
For example, Selim Derengil of Sabanci University in 1998 stated that the civil war thesis was a ‘travesty of history whih no historian with a conscience could advance”, and that Armenians suffered “coolossal crimes” in Anatolia and elsewhere atthe handsof the Ottoman state.
Add to his name these other Turkish scholars: Umit Ungor, Ali Kuc, Taner Akcam, Fikret Adanir, Engin Akarli, Halil Berktay, Yektan Turkyilmaz. There are more.
You can tell the nationalist Turks from the others who may deny or take the agnostic position on the Genocide of the Christian peoples of Anatolia 1915-1923, because the denialists seem unable to express themselves without expressing contempt for all Armenians, as does “informed american”:
“self-righteous rhetoric and slick posturing are a thin disguise for a gross misrepresentation of the facts”
“Unable to support their assertions with historical facts, Armenian Propagandists Libel and Slander their ideological opponents ” ” their ethnic hatred has been passed-down from generation to generation and they are thirsting for revenge” ” innocent Turkish Civil Servants who died at the hands of merciless Armenian Terrorists during the 70’s and 80’s right here in the USA and who were cheered-on by these same Armenian Propagandists who insist on a “genocide” label for the 1915 events “” Take your ethnic hatred elsewhere! Your Slick language doesn’t work here!”
As for a Commission, the idea is absurd. All but a handful pf academics the world over – excluding Turkey – believe the AG occurred. It is the second most-studied Genocide. Moreover, Turkey threatens anyone who disagrees.For an interesting commentary about how the Tiurkish Ambassador tried to make an American academic recant his opinion that the Genocide occurred, google the name of Donald Quataert and see what tumbles out. Turkey will simply use the Commissionidea to stall and create the false impression that there are two sides tothe story.
Just two weeks ago Erdogan said the idea of a Genocide is impossible to have occurred. The proposed Commissi0n is a prop.
Academic freedom means nothing to the Turkish deep state. Taner Akcam is an ethnic Turk who affirms the AG. Two weeks ago, Turkish prosecutors unearthed a conspiracy to kill him. This is the pressure the Turkish deep state wields.
All the Armenians have is truth and the historical record.
To “un”-informed American:
1.Why do Turks fear open debate on the Armenian Genocide in Turkey? Why does Turkey have laws banning your intellectuals from educating the Turkish public on the facts of the Armenian Genocide? Why do you jail, threaten and even kill anyone who disagrees with the Turkish denailism stance? Does this sound like a country with nothing to hide? Hardly.
2. “Unable to support their assertions with historical facts”?
There are 40,000 pages in our United States National Archives depicting the “systematic race extermination of the Armenian people” all written in real time. Is that what you mean by “Armenian Propagandists Libel and Slander” that you discussed?
Please, read a history book outside of Turkey!
1. While i agree 301 is the stupidist thing, Taner Akcam’s books are widely published, in addition to Orhan Pamuk dealing with the issue. Even memoirs of Dorina Neave discuss the Hamidian killings and she describes in detail how Turks killed Armenians in streets of Istanbul. There are conferences, news articles that discuss and even question other point of views. Akcam’s argument was printed in Taraf newspaper 2 years ago.
I would ask why is Papazian’s “Patriotism Preverted” and Kachaznouni’s memoirs are banned? There is also limitaiton on what the Armenian press prints as well, let’s be honest.
2. There is also mounting evidence suggesting Armenian revolutionary groups massacred Turks, started fires and blamed Muslim subjects, and conspiracy to provoke such that Europe will hear her cries. This is also testified in numerous NYT archive articles.
The documents saying “systematic” are based on missionaries who were inducing the people to rebel and cauz mischief. Also based on heresay by Armenians, not on actual observed.
Hi Raffi, this is a really great top ten list. I think that Turkey is a good role model for the rest of the Middle East to show how they can coalesce with the Western world. Although they have their challenges, I have been very impressed with their recent history. I don’t however see any reconciliation with Armenia anytime son, they do not forget genocide very easily, ad the fact that half of Turkey should rightfully be part of Armenia. You can post this to our site http://www.toptentopten.com/ and then link back to your site. We are looking for top ten lists and our users can track back to your site. The coolest feature is you can let other people vote on the rankings of your list.
Let us reevaluate Armenia’s persistence on the word ‘genocide’ from a different perspective:
Armenia’s attitude towards Turkey’s land integrity: Article 13 (second paragraph) of Armenian constitution declares the ‘Ağrı Mountain’ in the Eastern Anatolia of Turkey, as the state symbol of Armenia . Article 11 of the Armenian Declaration of Independence of August 23, 1990; refers to Eastern Anatolia of Turkey as Western Armenia and as such beholds that this area is part of Armenia. Since the Armenian constitution recognizes as a basis “the fundamental principles of the Armenian statehood and national aspirations engraved in the Declaration of Independence of Armenia”, it likewise accepts the characterization of Eastern Anatolia as Western Armenia and this, albeit indirectly, translates into the advancement of territorial claims. The Armenian politicians and school books call Eastern Anatolia of Turkey, ‘invaded mother land of Armenia’ and in Armenia the school children are being grown up being conditioned to be patriots to rescue their invaded land. Even the marches they sing are about this condition. The Armenians who write in such blogs that the Eastern Anatolia cities do not belong to Turkey, as if the present Eastern boundaries of Turkey was not determined by treaties of Gumru (1920), Moscow (1921) and the whole boundaries by Lausanne (1923) Treaties; after the Turkish Freedom War.
Armen Aivazyan, Director of Ararat Center of Strategic Studies, told a news conference that Armenia must never renounce its territorial claims to Turkey http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=28877
Additionally Armenia refused Turkey’s recurrent offers to commit an agreement declaring that each country recognizes the other country’s land integrity, in 1992 and later.
Why do the Armenians force Turkey to accept a genocide? The answer is hidden in a speech of the chief of Dashnak Party Hrant Markaryan who told that their efforts for the recognition of Armenian (so-called) genocide was not an isolated purpose but it was a part of the struggle for rescue of the West Armenia (Armenian Forum Vol2 No 4; Armenian Weekly On-line, 18 June, 4 July 2003). The Armenian then prime minister Andranik Markaryan told that the internationally recognition of (so called) Armenian genocide and demanding land from Ankara as ‘compensation’ was possible only after Armenia had strengthened and the Armenians should not have told that they demanded land from Ankara loudly and everywhere (Arminfo 26 May 2004). On one occasion President Kocharian stated that since today’s Armenia does not have the clout to advance such demands, doing so should be left to future generations at a time when conditions would hopefully be better suited to this end’. A poll taken in Armenia revealed that almost all youngsters in the Republic of Armenia wished to follow up with land claims from Turkey and 90% of them said Turkey must unequivocally accept genocide allegations (Milliyet – April 11, 2006).
The world should not forget that Germany’s claim on Zudetland and Gdansk just because they were its historical lands caused burst of World War II! History is full of wars which broke up because of claims of states on their historical lands.
Yet, there are obvious evidences showing that the Armenians did not constitute the majority of the population in neither of the Ottoman provinces which the Armenians call Western Armenia and the Muslim population was 3 to 8 times more than that of the Armenian’s (Ottoman Population Statistics 1890 and 1914).
If an item like the aforementioned Armenian item were present in the lawbook of Mexico claiming that Texas, Arizonna, New Mexico and California which were historical lands of Mexico, belonged to Mexico but invaded, would the American tolerate it?
Therefore the world should not overlook Armenia’s aggressivity, which is hidden behind their role of victim and should think about the price of their support to the Armenians very well.
So, the most important question which should be asked now is whether the world politicians, journalists and supporters of human rights will go on falling within the scope of Armenian propagandists and go on being major advocates of Armenian aggressivity, while pursuing humanist missions or not!
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‘Let us ask the Muslim/Turk owners of these testimonies if there was a genocide and if there was a genocide who committed it, the Turks/Muslims or the Armenians
Testimonies of Witnesses
MUHAMMET RESIT GÜLESER
Father’s Name: Abdullah
Mother’s Name: Habibe
Place of Birth: Van
Date of Birth: 1900
I was a young student at the Dar’ül-Muallimin school, around 15 or 16 years old during the Armenian massacres, and remember what happened quite well. Before the First World War, we had good neighborly relations with the Armenians (whose population was said to be approximately 17,000).
With the declaration of the constitutional monarchy in 1908, they started to exploit the principles of independence, equality, and justice to their benefit. Their leader in Van, Aram Pasha, was in the delegation that notified Sultan Hamit that he would have to leave his throne. The Armenians set up an underground organization in Van, and dug tunnels which extended from near the Great Mosque (Büyük Cami) all the way to the old section of town. It was even possible to go through these tunnels on horseback. One day the tunnels were inadvertently discovered when a section caved near a guard. Even though Aram Pasha was detained near the Great Mosque based on the intelligence provided by an Armenian after the discovery, he was released without punishment due to the political sensitivities of the time.
In short, the Armenians were very well organized. Already well established in commerce, they were doing very well financially. After the Armenians and Jews were permitted to join the military, groups of Armenians joined the military during the retreat of the Van division. The Armenians entered the military prepared — with their own weapons. Our soldiers were carrying German-made primitive weapons that after firing four shots, would drop the fifth bullet. According to what we had heard from Mr. Hacž Latif and others who later returned to Van, the Armenians in the Van division were shooting our soldiers in the back. There were also several cases of Armenian doctors and nurses poisoning our wounded soldiers who were hospitalized in Van after returning from the eastern front.
Regarding the situation in Van, the Russians were approaching from three fronts, Muradiye, Özalp, and Baskale. The Armenians in the city were rebelling and continued an aggressive campaign against the Muslim population for 29 days. We had three barracks, Hacž Bekir, Aziziye, and Toprakkale. Ten soldiers would guard each one. They raided these barracks and slaughtered the soldiers like sheep by slicing their throats. Ali Çavus was also martyred there. While our weak militia were digging trenches to try to fight, the Armenians made holes in the walls and were firing shots with machine guns, pouring cans of kerosene, lighting fires, and escaping through the deep tunnels. This brutal attack lasted 29 days. The decision to flee was finally made so that the Muslim population would not suffer any more deaths. Those with carts used them; those without were under desperate conditions, but we all joined the exodus. People left their children on the road, others died from hunger and disease.
It should be remembered that the Armenians not only committed large massacres in Van, but in the villages as well. The homes in the villages of Tžmar, Baskale, and Özalp were stuffed with hay and set on fire. Those that tried to escape were killed with bullets and bayonets. The inhabitants of a few villages in Zeve organized and fought the Armenians, but almost all of them — from seven different villages — were killed. Mass graves are still being uncovered in these villages and a memorial was built.
Of the twelve ships that carried the Muslim refugees from Van, four of them carried government employees and their families. All of the sailors aboard the vessels were Armenians. The Armenian bandits, aided by these sailors, forced the four government employee boats to dock at the Adžr island, and killed all of the passengers. As for those in the other eight boats, they were taken to another island near Tatvan where Armenian bandits were waiting, but were able to escape with few casualties because they were armed.
When we left Van, we first went to Bitlis, and later to Diyarbakžr. We witnessed the Armenian savagery along the way. Finally, I will tell you about what we saw and heard upon returning to Van. The Armenians applied all types of torture to the inhabitants, God bless their souls. They paraded Isa Hodja, who was over 100 years old, on a donkey through the village, raided and looted homes, and gathered women and girls into Mr. Ziya’s home where they repeatedly raped them. They threw the bodies of the dead into wells, and even filled the well of our mosque with their victims’ bodies.
When General Cevdet entered Van for the first time, he asked the gendarmes to escort 130 women whose husbands were at the front to Diyarbakžr. They had been stranded in Van because they did not have any transportation. About 30 of them stayed in our house. They spun wool to survive. They were also given military rations. They told us that there was no end to the torture and cruelties they suffered at the hands of the Armenian bandits. The Armenians skinned the men, castrated them, and raped and impaled the women.
We returned to Van four years later. We stayed two years initially, but were forced to flee again when the Russians arrived. This time we went as far as Siirt. When we returned 200-250 Armenian families were seeking refuge on the Çarpanak island. They were hoping that the Turks would leave, and that they would resettle in Van. Most of them were artisans. A short time later, a new decree was issued, and they were sent to Revan under the protection of the government. However, Van, raided seven times by the enemy, was completely destroyed except for the Armenian quarters. We had to rebuild the city.
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SEYH CEMAL TALAY
Father’s Name: Cimsid
Mother’s Name: Fatma
Place of Birth: Van
Date of Birth: 1901
The Russians were providing weapons to the Armenians. With military assistance from the Russians and encouragement from England, France, and the United States, all of which had consulates in Van, Armenians increased their hostilities in the beginning of 1915. The Russians were secretly providing them with sophisticated arms hidden in food supplies sent from Russia to the port of Trabzon, and from there sent by caravan to Van. The goods on the caravans were distributed in the center of the old city, and the hidden ammunition was secretly distributed to the Armenian militants. The leader of the Armenian rebellion in Van was Aram Pasha, but I don’t remember the name of the leader of the Dashnaks. They all had land claims, especially in Van. The 11th squadron was assigned to Van, but went to Erzurum to mobilize. The Armenian bandits were emboldened by this and started their campaign of terror against the Muslim inhabitants.
The militants were launching raids on the Muslim villages and neighborhoods. The only thing we had to fight them with was a militia led by IImam Osman, composed of those either too old or too young to join the army.
Let me tell you a story which I will never forget. I went to a school located near the government mansion. Armenians studied at the same school. Some of the students in the Armenian underground went to get a Muslim student named Rüstü from his home on the pretext of studying. They took him to the Isžtma bridge near the industrial park. After insulting him, they raped and killed him, leaving his body for his family to find the next day. The family later composed a ballad to honor his memory.
I can remember the beginning of the skirmishes between the Muslims and Armenians. Our militia, which would meet in the Mahmut Aga barracks across the street from the Van State Hospital, was on duty a day before the war with the Armenians started. The Armenians prepared the night before and positioned themselves well. They had dug holes in the State mansion, and when our militia was preparing for morning prayer at a fountain nearby, the Armenians showered them with bullets. Many of our soldiers were killed. The fighting between local Muslims and Armenians had begun. Everyone took to the streets, and mass confusion ensued. Despite this, we got up and went to school. We had two teachers, one from Selanik, one from Edirne. They said “Come on kids, let’s all forgive each other, we might not see each other again,” and suggested we use the side streets to avoid Armenian bullets. I left school with some friends, but decided to take our regular route. We saw that weapons and munitions were being distributed in front of a munitions storage area for protection against the Armenians. We then noticed a few Armenians creeping up from behind, and notified the man distributing the weapons. He threw down the munitions in his hand and fired on them, and they ran away.
The wars started on April 2-3, 1915. In 1914, the Russians had not been able to penetrate the front line, but they surrounded our soldiers from behind by passing Çaldžran-Bahçesaray, and established a headquarters in the Molla Hasan village.
It was difficult to provide our soldiers with military supplies since the young students and elderly people carrying the equipment could not go further because of the cold weather. Many of them died.
We couldn’t go anywhere either. But in the spring the Armenians went completely crazy. On May 10, 1915, the Russians were moving toward Van. On Governor Cevdet’s orders we evacuated Van, taking with us what we could carry. During the war, Armenian brutality had reached a stage that no one, including the old, sick, captive, women, or children, could escape. The atrocities reached the degree that even the Armenians’ main supporters, the Russians, were trying to prohibit their actions.
My grandmother Mihri couldn’t flee with us because one of my uncles was paralyzed from the waist down. Unable to speak because of the shock of what happened in our absence, she later used sign language to explain what had transpired. They shaved my uncle’s mustache along with his flesh, and then took them to a house which they used as a detention center and tortured him and the other captives until the Russians arrived.
When we became refugees there were 23 members of our family. We lost most of our family on the road to Bitlis and Urfa. Only two of us returned to Van. Our first stop on the road was Bitlis where we arrived in 11 days, and then went to Siirt, where we had relatives with whom we stayed for a few months. When we heard about the Russian advance, we again fled to Diyarbakžr. Our convoy consisted of 250 people. We suffered from hunger and thirst on the way. We went through Kurtalan and Diyarbakžr and the village of Kebir, where we didn’t stay long, and again took the road to return to Van. When we reached Kurtalan, we learned that the Russians had entered Van again and went to Siirt. In the spring of 1916 we went to Baghdad, but fled to Mardin when the English advanced. In 1917 we arrived in Urfa. The French who entered Urfa started tormenting the Muslims by bringing the Aleppo Armenians to the city. This time we fought for 22 days.
We had left Van in 1915. When we were finally able to return, only two people remained from the 23-member family. Van was totally destroyed. The Armenians burned and demolished everything except for the Armenian-owned homes. In fact, when the Turkish army entered Van, around 2,000 Armenian artisans, expecting retaliation for their repression of the Turkish population, sought refuge on the island of Adžr. The Turkish government instead ensured their safe passage to Revan.
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BEKIR YÖRÜK
Father’s Name: Yusuf
Mother’s Name: Gülnaz
Place of Birth: Van
Date of Birth: 1900
Q: Can you tell us as best as you can remember what the Armenians did in Van and Gevas?
A: We lived in the same neighborhoods as the Armenians. We too lived in the Norsin neighborhood and got along well until the Russians intervened. In those days, Armenian youths established committees with Russian encouragement, and started causing trouble. They killed the superintendent of police and threw him in the park. They killed the postman in Hasbagž. They bombed a building now replaced by a bathhouse, and twenty people died in the explosion. When the constitutional monarchy was declared, the mufti and the priest shook hands and extolled the brotherhood of Muslims and Christians. The Mufti cried as he shook hands, but events developed against us. The committee members became increasingly out of control and the rebellion began. We fought the Armenians for 29 days in Hasbagž. We had no weapons. When the division went to Erzurum, we remained completely defenseless.
The Armenians who joined the army after the establishment of the constitutional monarchy used our weapons to shoot at us, and those who remained in the army hit our soldiers from behind. They also bombed the barracks. The young people and the elderly left in the Muslim neighborhoods would take turns guarding against the Armenians. Meanwhile, the Russians were sending them gold to finance their effort.
This struggle lasted 29 days until the arrival of the Russians. The elderly Armenians didn’t want this fight because they were the wealthiest inhabitants of the area, and feared sacrificing their standard of living. Armenians owned up to 1,000 stores and sold European cloth in the old part of the city of Van. When these events broke out, inhabitants of nearby villages and towns all fled to Van, and those stores disappeared within two days.
Fifty vessels full of people left Van, three of which carried wounded soldiers. Cevdet Pasha saw the passengers off at the pier. We went to Adžr Island, where the Armenians were training underground. We stayed on the island for nine days. The waves destroyed some of the ships with wooden sails. The island had wells and two bakeries. No one brought any supplies from Van. We were hungry and distraught. My elder brother was an officer and came back wounded from Erzurum. My brother realized that the Armenians would cut us off. He convinced his captain, and ten ships left from there, but we couldn’t go very far. Thank God we stayed close to shore. The next day we reached Tatvan, but under difficult circumstances. The day we left Van the Armenians had set everything ablaze. There were wounded soldiers from all parts of Turkey in Van, and the Armenians fired on apartments used as hospitals where they were staying. That is why Van is sacred ground with martyrs from 67 provinces [in Turkey].
My uncle, Terren Aga, was very old, and we couldn’t take him with us when we left Van. His wife, daughter, and two grandchildren remained with him. Armenian hoodlums beat my uncle and the children with an ax and killed them. His daughter hid in an abandoned American school. When the Armenians found her, they killed her by throwing her from the second floor.
We went to Bitlis from Tatvan where we remained for nearly two months. When the Russians arrived, we again went on the road. We then went to Hizan and Diyarbakžr. After we left, the Gendarme commander — who was crying like a baby — brought my uncle (who was Deputy Governor Ömer Bey) a report. A soldier named Mansur was also present. When we asked him to explain, he said that three days after Van was emptied they went to pick up the bodies. Hundreds of elderly women were impaled on stakes. They still had their scarves on and looked as if they were sitting. When they got closer they saw that they were killed before being impaled. They saw a woman who was split in two and her unborn child was placed on her chest.
Muslims who witnessed these thousands of examples of inconceivable brutality tearfully reported the incidents to Ömer Bey, who then told Mustafa Kemal. When the Russians finally arrived, they were displeased with the savageness which resulted in the destruction of four-fifths of Van. In addition to those massacred by the Armenians, many people also died as they were fleeing. Many collapsed on the road from hunger and disease. No one was able to take anything with them when they left Van.
When we returned to Van from exile three years later we found the Muslim neighborhoods leveled to the ground, but the areas owned by Armenians were left undamaged. When we returned there were about 2,000 Armenians living in Van who fled to the islands when the Turks started returning. Two years later, the government sent them to Revan.
Q: Did you ever participate in the fighting or use a weapon?
A: No, I have never used a weapon. I didn’t have a gun, plus they didn’t give me one because I was too young and didn’t know how to use it. Instead, I would bring food and water to the combatants.
Q: What kind of equipment were the Armenians using?
A: They had the latest equipment which was provided by Russia and England. They gave them weapons and had them fight us. The Armenians couldn’t do anything to us, but when they were armed, the balance was upset.
Q: Did many people die in these and other clashes?
A: Of course, thousands of people died. After fighting for 29 days, the then-Governor Cevdet Pasha commanded us to leave Van when he heard that the Russian forces were approaching. Cevdet Pasha was actually a very courageous man, but we had neither guns nor ammunition, while the Russians were armed with top of the line weapons.
Q: Didn’t the Ottoman state take any precautions against the Armenians arming themselves to this extent? Didn’t word get around?
A: People knew, and the government knew. Yet the military was on the fighting front, and only a few gendarmes were left in Van. They couldn’t do anything about it. The Armenians first shot Police Lieutenant Nuri Efendi, and blew up the Hamitaga barracks. Many soldiers were killed. Then they placed bombs in the Norsin Mosque and Hacž Naci Hodja Mosque. They blew up Hafžz Hodja along with his son. Our women were raped, and our children shot.
Q: How was the evacuation carried out?
A: We left from here on 50 ships. That day the weather was stormy and rainy, as if all hell broke loose. The ships ran into each other. They were unable to approach the pier for a long time. The weather hadn’t warmed up yet — I think it was April. We left before the Russians arrived. There were about 250 people in our group, and 60 died. Some died at the hands of the Armenian bandits, others from cholera, disease, and hunger.
My uncle, his family and children, were all cut into pieces with a hatchet under the mulberry tree in our neighborhood. They [Armenians] massacred all those that stayed behind when we left. We lived in the Norsin neighborhood at the time. They burned all of Van.
All of this was planned by the Armenian committees which treacherously manipulated the Armenian population.
Q: Do you remember the names of those committees?
A: Dashnak was the most prominent one. There were others as well, but I don’t remember their names now. They received money and gold from Russia and England.
Q: Did the Armenians kill many women and children?
A: The elderly didn’t bother much, but all of their young people were armed. They killed whoever they could corner. They killed them and threw them into the lake or into the fire. For example, a woman was baking bread in a nearby village, and had her young child was at her side. The Armenians went into her backyard and asked her what she was doing. When she answered that she was baking bread, they insisted she needed a kebab as well, and pierced her child and threw him into the fire and burned him alive.
What else can I tell you? God knows the extent of what went on. During our escape, we took off on the ships, and stayed around the islands for four days. We couldn’t sleep at night because of the wails, crying, and screams we heard all night. These were the cries we heard from surrounding villages: Zeve, Bardakçž, Kalaç, and Molla Kasžm. I hope God ensures that we don’t have to relive those days when these massacres took place.
Q: Where did you go after the islands?
A: From the islands we went to the Dervis village. It took us all day to get there. Ten ships were tied together at the edge of the lake. We were very frightened. In the morning we left toward Tatvan, and finally reached our destination. We were able to rest there, and later left toward Bitlis.
Q: Do you remember how many people were with you in your convoy?
A: There were between 10 and 20 thousand people in our convoy.
Q: Did many people from your convoy die in the exodus?
A: Of course.
Q: Could you tell us how they died?
A: The women couldn’t take care of the children. Some would leave them in remote areas. Hunger and disease were rampant. For example, Ömer Efendi wrapped his child in rags and left him alive under a tree as we approached the Bitlis creek. There were many other children like this thrown into the Bitlis creek, or buried when they died. But Ömer Efendi regretted what he did, and a few days later went to retrieve the child and brought him back alive.
Q: How long were you a refugee?
A: Three years.
Q: What did you find when you returned to Van? How was Van, was there much damage?
A: I saw Van; it was completely destroyed and burned. When we were in Bitlis, the Deputy Governor Ömer Bey was there. He would regularly receive reports on the situation in Van. We would follow the situation of the Russians from there. One day a soldier, Mansur, came to Bitlis. He was from Halep and used to live near the Norsin Mosque. He was in tears as he told us the story of how they entered Van, and saw that the women were lined up in a row with their head scarves still on. As they approached, they saw that they were impaled and killed. They painfully removed them and buried them. The soldiers left all their work and buried them. They then went to another location where the women had been raped and then killed. There was blood everywhere.
A similar incident occurred in the Amik village which is close to here. The inhabitants took refuge in the castle and pulled up the ladder when the Armenians arrived. The Armenians approached and convinced them to let down the ladder because they were now friendly and there was no reason to be afraid. As soon as they ascended the stairs, they separated the children and men and threw them down the hill. Some of the women threw themselves from the castle, while the others were taken to an unknown location.
Q: Did you hear about similar incidents at the time?
A: Of course I did, but what else can I tell you? Dignity, chastity, and integrity all went out the window. We suffered so much, some people even resorted to cannibalism. But we were so compassionate that when we found Armenians hiding on the island, we didn’t do anything to them.
Q: Were they the Armenians who stayed when you fled?
A: No, they were Armenians remaining on the island. During the exodus they brought many Turks to this island and killed them. The ship captains were Armenians. Many of our people were maliciously killed in this way on the ships. As I told you earlier, we couldn’t sleep because of the wails in those days. When we left, Van was burning, and it was still burning when the soldier Mansur came.
Q: Will you tell us about your situation in Bitlis?
A: When we arrived in Bitlis as refugees, they were angry with us because we abandoned Van. Initially the people in Bitlis were not very kind to us, asking us why we ran away and did not fight the enemy. We answered that we had no other choice because we did not have guns or ammunition. Not long after, the population of Bitlis had to flee as well, and they understood our position. The heat was debilitating. There was no food or water. Cholera and disease were spreading. Many people died. One day we saw that vehicles from Elazžg were arriving. The army corps came with Armenian drivers to bring salt to Harput.
Q: Were the drivers Armenian?
A: Yes, Armenian soldiers who were carrying salt. There was a captain leading them, and my brother approached him and asked him to stay and send a telegraph to arrange for a truck to carry us. We obtained permission from Mustafa Kemal Pasha and they started to transport us toward Diyarbakir. There was neither food nor water on the way. Many people died from diseases. At that time, there was a landowner named Mehmet. He has since died, but he was unique. He had fed the army and its horses for a year, and had given the military the keys to his stables. One year later Mustafa Kemal Pasha came, sat across from him, and asked what they owed him. When he said “for what?”, Mustafa Kemal explained that the army had depended on him for a year. He responded that they were welcome to the remaining food. Anyway, when he saw us, he gave the order to set up a feast right away. Bulgur rice, lentils, and meat were prepared and offered. Everyone ate to their heart’s content.
Let me tell you another story. I saw many of the men who had been tortured by the Armenians with my own eyes. In some places they had no meat on their bones. From hunger they ate human flesh. There was a milkman called Faik whose father was carrying a child when we saw him. When I asked him what he was doing, he said if he didn’t carry the child away, they would eat him too.
I hope God doesn’t make us live through those days again. Hunger and disease left us with nothing. No dignity, chastity, nothing.
-4-
IBRAHIM SARGIN
Father’s Name: Halil
Place of Birth: Van-Zeve
Date of Birth: 1903
I am from the well-known Zeve village, site of the most rampant Armenian massacres.
Q: How old were you when the Armenians rebelled?
A: I had just turned 11 at the time.
Q: Were your parents alive at the time?
A: Yes, they were.
Q: Were they subjected to Armenian atrocities?
A: I will tell you all about that later. I first want to try to explain the Armenians’ position.
We know how untrustworthy the Armenians and Russians were, and about their efforts to attack the Ottoman State from behind by forming bands of rebels. At that time, Russians were paying Armenians a stipend. However, the Armenians were paying the Ottoman State only one gold coin in taxes, while those unable to pay that much were paying five silver coins. There were certain changes during the rule of Sultans Hamit and Resat. They extended equal rights to the Armenians, declaring that they would be equal to Muslims, like brothers. They passed a law lifting the tax imposed on them, and made them equal to us. There was jubilation in the streets. Armenian priests and our religious leaders hugged and kissed. At this time it was also decided that Armenians would serve in the military with us and study in our schools. The Armenians were thrilled with these changes. As soon as they had the opportunity, they established committees and asked for money from France and England and arms from Russia. They figured they could cooperate with the Russians, receive military supplies from them, and attack the Ottomans from within while the Russians could advance from the outside.
What did the Russians do? They constructed storage bins out of the stove pipes and stove metal. These bins were three feet long and one and a half feet wide, and filled with arms and munitions. Some of our supplies including kerosene came from Russia at the time. The Russians delivered these military supplies to the Armenians by hiding them in the bins and covering them with kerosene containers. Having armed the Armenians in this way, the Russians sent a member of the secret revolutionary society from Russia. His name was Aram, and he was blind in one eye. A Russian Armenian, they named him Aram Pasha. Then they brought someone named Antranik to the Mus area, and called him Antranik Pasha. Plus, there was an Armenian revolutionary committee leader nicknamed sahin in the Karagündüz village of the Erçek region. They would set up committee organizations and head for the Turkish borders. They crossed into Turkish villages where they would attack and kill Turks, and then retreat. They carried weapons and bandits to Karagündüz on horseback.
Q: Do you remember the revolutionary committees in the region and the names of their leaders?
A: I named some of them a little earlier. I don’t remember any other names. They armed themselves with the help of the Russians, and came with their horses. They created storage areas in the sisanus village, and moved to a lake village which was completely inhabited by Armenians who had moved into the village earlier. On the lake there were enormous ships which could carry 500-600 people. These ships would carry arms and ammunition to Adilcevaz, Ahlat, Ercis, and Gevas. Some would later be sent to Tatvan, Mus and Bitlis. The Armenians armed themselves well with these supplies, and started to form guerilla groups. More specifically, they organized fighters and hid them on the islands of Akdamar, Çarpanak, and Kadir. These fighters later scattered throughout the area, insulting and provoking the public. After a while, they decided to get along with the Russians. After the Russians declared war on the Ottoman Empire, all of our soldiers left the area. Some went to the Caucasian front line, while others went to the Iranian front line. The Armenian soldiers accompanied our soldiers. After the two sides started fighting, our soldiers noticed that they were being shot from behind. The doctors could not understand why soldiers who should be hit from the front were hit from behind. Then they realized that Armenian soldiers would kill ours whenever the opportunity arose. We lost perhaps thousands of our soldiers in this way, but it was too late when it was discovered. Some of the traitors were found, while some joined the Russian fighters. This war lasted two and a half years. Our soldiers were in terrible shape, and were forced to retreat. The Russian military started to advance. When they arrived at the Çald ran plains, they came across the Hamidiye regiment which was formed during the reign of Sultan Hamit and was composed of tribes. The Russians used the Hamidiye organization for their own means, telling them to provide soldiers to defend the area, while they would provide munitions and arms.
A soldier who heard that the Russians arrived in Çald ran ran to his village (Derebey) and told the village headman that it was futile to work in the fields since the Russians had already arrived in Çald ran, which meant they would be in the village either that day or the next. He told the villagers they would all be killed if they didn’t flee. Hearing this, the villagers gathered together, took some food and whatever they could carry, and left toward Van. They first reached the Zorava village, which is Circassian. When the inhabitants asked them what was going on, they told them that they were headed to Van because the Russians had entered Çald ran and were advancing toward Muradiye.
Hearing this, the villagers in Zorava joined the refugees. Later there were eight villages which joined this caravan to Van; Hakis, Zorava, Derebey, s h Ömer, s hkara, s hayne, H d r, and Göllü. They had no idea that Van was emptied and that its inhabitants had migrated. When they arrived at the Everek plains, they saw some Armenians who asked them in Armenian: “Where are you mindless people going?” to which they answered, “We’re going to Van. We will go wherever the inhabitants of Van go.” To this the Armenians showered them with insults and added “Turks left Van over six or seven days ago, and are refugees. The era of Cevdet Pasha has been over for a long time. The Aram Pasha Administration has been formed. All of the wounded, hospitalized, women and children in Van were killed. Mosques were torched, barracks burned. We cut up all of the Muslims in Van. There were only 20-30 women remaining, and we gave them to Aram Pasha.” To this, Circassian Ibo said that they would become prisoners, and proposed that they go to Zeve, which was very close to the lake. He suggested they could find a ship there and save the women and children.
By the time this group of refugees reached our village (Zeve), we saw that there were over 2,000 of them. When we asked them what happened, they responded, “We were fleeing to Van, but Armenians preempted us and told us that the inhabitants of Van had migrated, so we came here to acquire a ship in the hopes of saving our women and children.”
It was spring, and it was not easy to settle the refugees in our small village, but we did our best. We settled them in homes, tents, and barns. There were more than 2,000 of them, and they stayed with our villagers, who numbered about 500. In addition, soldiers disbanded from the army came home to our village. You should have seen them. They had long beards, their uniforms were torn, they were full of lice. We settled them, too. One was my brother Necip, my cousin Mustafa, my brother-in-law Mehmet, my cousin Ilyas, Recep, son of saban, Mustafa’s son Seyyat, and Emrah’s son sükrü. They were emaciated — just skin and bones. They took off their clothes and burned them and pulled off the lice. My uncle Yusuf was a good barber. After scrubbing their heads with hot water, he shaved them with a razor. Believe me, because of the lice, blood was dripping from their faces and eyes. They were somewhat more comfortable after that.
Two days had passed. On the third day, the village Hodja began his morning call to prayer. Those that wanted to pray went, others went to their jobs. There was a river in the middle of our village. It flows all the way from the Iranian border, and becomes a lake in the spring when the snow melts. But we were never sure exactly where this water came from. One day we heard a woman’s voice from the other side of the river calling for someone to carry her to our side. On hearing this, my uncle grabbed his horse, followed the sounds, and what did he see, but Esma, the daughter of Ahmet. He was amazed when he saw Esma, who had married into the Molla Kas m village. She promised to tell her story after my uncle helped her cross the river. He helped her onto the saddle and brought her to this side of the river. At this time the villagers had finished their morning prayer and had gathered around them. She told them to fend for themselves, that Hamit, Molla Kas m, and Ayanos had been killed, and that the perpetrators would be in our village any day now. The Hodja addressed the crowd with “Friends, we are Muslims. It doesn’t fit our religion for us to die needlessly. We have about 60 weapons, 2 chests full of ammunition, and eight or nine soldiers with guns and bullets. Let’s defend our village. My father’s cousin, Hodja Osman who served with Cevdet Pasha had sent 60 guns and the ammunition.”
There were hills near our village, below the bridge. There were plains on the top, and grasslands below. The villagers took their positions on the top part of the hills, and waited for the Armenians to advance. When the Armenians surrounded the village on three fronts and attacked, our villagers were prepared. They fought the Armenians until noon. When our side charged them, the Armenians were startled. Some of them fled to Mermit village, while others went to Vadar village. After they fled they started to regroup. There were other Armenian villages such as the enormous Alay village comprised of 400 homes. They gathered together all of the Armenians, and again started a battle which continued until the end of the mid-afternoon prayer. After the mid-afternoon prayer, there were up to one hundred horses speeding down Erzurum Street which originated in Van. The villagers thought that they were Ottoman soldiers who came to their assistance after hearing gunfire, but soon saw that they were Russian Armenians who heard the gunfire and came to the village. The fighting started again, and our villagers started to run out of bullets. The Armenians saw this as an opportunity and entered the village by killing the Turks who were guarding it. The village was burning, and herds of people numbering two or three thousand started to flee. The Armenians were throwing small children in the air and piercing them with bayonets or sticking them in the stomach with bayonets. The children let out shrill cries and fell to the ground like baby birds. In desperation, some of the women and young girls threw themselves into the river, while others lit fire to bails of grass and threw themselves into the bonfire.
They captured Corporal Seyyat alive, laid him on the ground, undressed him, and skinned him alive. They also carved out his shoulders and carved into his sides, taunting him by saying that Sultan Resat promoted him and gave him a medal. The Armenians also set fire to the grass and threw some of our women and children into the fire and burned them alive. They sliced the throats of the rest of the survivors as if they were sacrificial lambs. Not one child survived. After massacring the entire village, they killed the five most attractive women; my cousin Seher, Esma, the headman’s wife, a distant relative Hayriye, my aunt Ayse, and Güllü. Then they left. I’ll explain to you how I survived even though the Armenians vowed to continue the massacres until we were all dead. My father was very well known, and he had extended much kindness to the Bardakç village. My father had once saved the life of K rbe, and his son Asvador was among the Armenians. Although at the time my father was in Iran as a reserve officer, Asvador came to us during the massacre. Asvador told the Armenians not to touch me, my mother, and one of my sisters and saved our lives. After the Armenians left, Asvador took us out of hiding. The wounded were moaning from pain, begging for someone to wrap their wounds or give them some water.
Asvador brought us to the Bardakç village where we stayed for some time. My cousin Sema in Bardakç would swear to us that in the evening the Armenians would come and pick out ten or eleven women out of the 150, and rape them until the morning. The women would be covered with blood, and after they were dropped off they were unable to even sit.
Meanwhile a Russian government was established in Van and Aram Pasha became its leader. Aram Pasha’s government proclaimed that any refugees in need of food or water were welcome in Van. My father at this time was in the Haçik village where he and my uncles were on Halil Pasha’s boat. From there they went to a village in the Hosap region. When my uncles heard the proclamation they went to Van. They were shocked to see that the city was burned and completely destroyed. The city used to be at the foothill of the castle. Everything was completely destroyed: the buildings, barracks, mosques, bathhouses, and government buildings.
My father was from the Haçbahan neighborhood where there were Armenian homes and stores. Coincidentally, Asvador ran into him on the street. After the customary greeting, my father asked him if he had any news about our village. Asvador responded that they had slaughtered all of Zeve, but that his younger wife, child and daughter were safe with him. He volunteered to hand us over to my father. My father acknowledged the favor by Asvador, but feared that the Armenians would kill him if he went to the village, so he suggested that Asvador bring us to him instead so that he could take us away. When Asvador came to see us that night, he told us that he ran into my father, and that we should prepare ourselves so that he could take us to him. In the morning he loaded us onto an ox cart, took us to Van, and delivered us to my father. I will never forget that day. My father took us to Hosap from there. We didn’t stay long because the Armenians were raiding a village a day. Many people were fleeing either toward Iran, Mardin or Diyarbak r to save their lives.
Q: Mr. Ibrahim, can you tell us about what happened in Van. Apparently the first revolt took place there, where the castle was toppled by cannon fire, the city was completely destroyed, and an Armenian government was set up. Since you were in Zeve you may have seen the troubles in Van. Do you have any knowledge of the incidents in Van?
A: They used cannon fire to burn the castle. At that time we were in the village of Bardakç , and could see the fire in Van from there. Mosques, buildings and barracks were burned. After capturing the castle, they aimed some of the cannon fire downhill. The mosque near the castle also was burned and destroyed, as well as the Hamitaga barracks. They butchered almost all of the Muslims there &endash; only a few women survived. After the Russian government was established, these women complained to the Russians about the Armenians, and asked for protection because they trusted the Russians more. The Russians had the women guarded and did not violate their virtue, but the Armenians raped our women and massacred the children and elderly.
Q: Mr. Ibrahim, is it possible that one of the reasons that the Russian soldiers did not touch our women was the possible presence of Turks in the Russian army?
A: Yes. There were Crimean and Caucasian soldiers and officers. They protected our women because they too were Muslims. In fact, they even sent them back to their villages including the Molla Kas m village. During the massacres they could only send 30 of the 150 women. They planned to stay in the Molla Kas m village until the Ottoman military arrived. However, they were subject to even further hardships. When the Russians retreated, the Armenians stayed behind. The Armenians suggested that the Russians leave their weapons, ammunition, cannons, and supplies, so they could fight the Ottoman government. When the Russians left all of their equipment to them, the Armenians became even more ruthless and continued the massacres. When our army starting arriving from Bitlis to Gevas and clashing with these Armenians, the Armenians headed to Van toward Muradiye and Kars. They ultimately went to Russia and Iran. Only a handful of Armenians remained behind. They stayed on small islands in Lake Van such as Çarpanak.
Q: Were there any Armenians in your Zeve village?
A: No, none.
Q: Where were you at the time that the Armenians established an Armenian government with the Russians?
A: We were in Zeve at the time.
Q: How many people from Zeve survived?
A: In addition to myself, six women were saved from Zeve, and that was only because of a good deed my father had done earlier. Everyone else was murdered, including many women and children.
Q: They say that a mosque near the Van castle was burned. Was this mosque in Van or Zeve?
A: It was in Van, but mosques in Zeve were burned down as well. In Van they burned other mosques such as the Kayaçelebi, Ulu, and Hüsrev Pasha, as well as many smaller mosques. You can still see all of their traces.
Q: Were there any people inside the mosques in Van when they were burned down?
A: Without a doubt.
Q: How about in Zeve?
A: Many had gone into the mosque for protection. Among them were uncle Hamza, Dervis, and Derebeyli. I don’t remember the names of the others except for a great personality in Zeve whose name you may have heard; Sultan Hac Hamza. He built the first dervish lodge in the area.
Q: Isn’t it true that during the massacres the Turks sought refuge in the lodge thinking that they would not be killed?
A: They sought shelter in the tomb, not the lodge.
Q: They say that the Armenians burned down the tomb, is that right?
A: It is true. They set fire to the tomb too, and thought everyone inside had been killed, but three people survived. Unfortunately, mosques, tombs made no difference to them. They burned them down with everyone inside. I hope God will protect us from similar events in the future.
In its extensive reporting on the atrocities, The New York Times described them as “systematic, “deliberate,” “organized by government,” and a “campaign of extermination.” A Sept. 25, 1915, headline warned: “Extinction Menaces Armenia.” What the Turks were embarked upon, said one official in the story that followed, was “nothing more or less than the annihilation of a whole people.”
US diplomat, Consul Leslie Davis, described in grisly detail the “reign of terror” he saw in Harput and the corpses of “thousands and thousands” of Armenians murdered near Lake Goeljuk. The mass deportations ordered by the Turks, in which hundreds of thousands of Armenians were crammed into freight cars and shipped hundreds of miles to die in the desert or at the hands of killing squads, were far worse than a straightforward massacre, he wrote. “In a massacre many escape, but a wholesale deportation of this kind in this country means a longer and perhaps even more dreadful death for nearly everyone.”
We are forgetting NYT articles were biased to mount positive public opinion of supporting a war to save CHRISTIAN victims under the hands of the “vile” Turk. NYT was reporting less biasely before the early 20th century, but after all the reports are based christian missionaries. Hardly an objectiv evidence.
On deportations, Near East Relief report of 1920 states that over 500,000 Armenians have arrived and settled down, and goin on with daily activities in Syria. Not to mention Dar el Zor was far from a desert, and was a fertile agricultural land. And as you say they were sent to be killed, yet did he observe this or he heard it?
Obviously some reports are true, and I’m not denying that thousands got killed. Yet just taking clippings saying i saw this murdered, does not prove genocide. I can walk into a room to find a dead body and a man with a smoking gun, yet it wont prove anything.
Take this to the ICC and bring your evidence, and lets have a decision. Not he said and you said.
‘Little attention is paid to the fact that in 1800 a vast Muslim land existed in Anatolia, the Balkans, and southern Russia. By 1923 only Anatolia, eastern Thrace and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained as Muslim land. The Balkan Muslims were largely gone, dead or forced to migrate, the remainder living in pockets of settlement in Greece, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia. The same fate had overcome the Muslims of the Crimea, the northern Caucasus and Russian Armenia- they were simply gone. Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions had fled to what is today Turkey. ‘Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and a half (5.5) million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perished as refugees from starvation and disease’ points out McCarthy.
Despite the historical importance of the Muslim losses, it is not to be found in textbooks. Textbooks and histories that describe the ‘massacres of Bulgarians, Armenians, and Greeks, have not mentioned the corresponding massacre of Turks. The exile and mortality of the Muslim is not known. The traditional view of the history of the Balkans, Caucasus and Anatolia is less than complete, if not misleading, because the histories of the Ottoman minority groups are taken out of context. A major part of that context is the suffering of the Muslims, which took place in the same regions, and at the same time, as the sufferings of the Christians, and often transcended them.
According to Caleb F Gates, president of Robert College, the Armenian population statistics in January 1921, as confirmed by the Armenian Patriarchate was as follows: Armenians in Ottoman provinces approximetely 600 000; Armenians alive 944 900; Armenian total loss 355 000. (FO 371/6556/E 2730: Gates to Rumbold, 16.2.1921, giving the statistics of the Armenians then living in Turkey, obtained from the Armenian Patriarch).
In the light of these statistics, how can the loss of about 400 000 Armenians be labelled as ‘massacres, genocide, or proto-Holocaust’ and the loss of over one million Muslims, as a result of Armenian activities, is not even mentioned? What kind of a holocoust is it that the aggressive side suffered much more losses than the attacked side?
Mr. Hovannisian’s “Nothing personal” article was one of the best I have read regarding concrete recommendations for the Turkish government on the subject of the Aremenian Genocide. It should be read by the poorly educated masses in Turkey. Poorly educated due to either state enforced propaganda or as self-inflicted ignorance, better known as denial of history. I commend Mr. Hammond’s reply as well. Blaming the victim has been Turkey’s motto for almost a century. The victims who tried to defend themselves or their families have been doubly victimized for trying to stand up for unspeakable atrocities committed against families and neighbors across historic Armenia. When will Turkey have the humanity and decency needed to acknowledge its past? When will it let its people learn the history of the Armenian Genocide? When will it let thousands of Turks come forward to tell the stories of their Armenian grandmothers and grandfathers, who were taken from their Armenian families after witnessing their torture and death; those orphans who were raised as Turks and were never allowed to cry or speak of their ancestral homes and families?
It’s interesting that the Turks here have not referenced Talaat Pasha’s Black Book recently published by Murat Bardakci in which Talaat details the Armenian population before and after the deportations in great detail leaving little doubt as to the objective and the numbers.
Emycan: “…and the loss of over one million Muslims, as a result of Armenian activities, is not even mentioned?”
Because fantasy is one thing and reality is another. “Emycan” and “Elif Karacasu” (and other deniers) can post fable after fable, but the facts are undeniable: The Ottoman Empire orchestrated and perpetrated “race murder” (GENOCIDE).
Young Turk = Nazi = Same Evil, Different Name. Get used to it. You cannot escape it. It’s written. It’s history. It’s fact. But you can change. You can work to better the future for all.
Just do this:
6. Never again: The rewards of coming to this reality check far outweigh its perils. What is unfortunately unique about the Holocaust is not the evil of the Shoah itself, but the demeanor of postwar Germany to face history and itself, to assume responsibility for the crimes of the preceding regime, to mourn and to dignify, to seek forgiveness and make redemption, and to incorporate this ethic into the public consciousness and the methodology of state. A veritable leader of the new Turkey, the European one of the future, might do the same, not in cession but in full expression of national pride and honor.
Nothing Personal, Armenian lobby’s top tn challenges…
1- BIAS & BIGOTRY IN THE TERM “ARMENIAN GENOCIDE”
If one cherishes values like fairness, objectivity, truth, and honesty, then one should use the term “Turkish-Armenian conflict”. Asking one “Do you accept or deny Armenian Genocide?” shows anti-Turkish bias. The question should be re-phrased: “What is your stand on the Turkish-Armenian conflict?”
Turks believe it was an inter communal warfare, mostly fought by Turkish and Armenian irregulars, a civil war which is engineered, provoked, and waged by armed Armenian revolutionaries, with active support from Russia, England, France, and others, all eyeing the vast territories of the collapsing Ottoman Empire, against a backdrop of a raging world war. Armenians, on the other hand, ignoring Armenian agitation, raids, rebellions, treason, territorial demands, and Turkish victims killed by Armenians, in that order from 1882 to 1915, claim that it was a one way genocide.
2- ALLEGATIONS OF ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARE RACIST AND DISHONEST HISTORY
They are racist because they ignore the Turkish dead: about 3 million during WWI; more than half a million of them at the hands of Armenian nationalists.
And the allegations of Armenian genocide are dishonest because they simply dismiss “THE SIX T’S OF THE TURKISH-ARMENIAN CONFLICT”:
3- TUMULT (as in numerous Armenian armed uprisings, 1882 and 1920)
4- TERRORISM (by well-armed Armenians victimizing Ottoman-Muslims, 1882-1920)
5- TREASON (Armenians joining the invading enemy armies, 1914-1921)
6- TERRITORIAL DEMANDS (where Armenians were a minority, not a majority, attempting to establish Greater Armenia, which if succeeded, would-be first apartheid of the 20th Century with a Christian minority ruling over a Muslim majority )
7- TURKISH SUFFERING AND LOSSES caused by the Armenian nationalists. 524,000 Muslims, mostly Turks, met their tragic end at the hands of Armenian revolutionaries during WWI—not to be confused with more than 2.5 million Muslim dead who lost their lives due to non-Armenian causes during WWI.)
8- TERESET (temporary resettlement) triggered by the first five T’s above and amply documented as such; not to be equated to the Armenian misrepresentations as genocide.)
9- VERDICT WITHOUT DUE PROCESS AMOUNTS TO LYNCHING
Those who believe the Armenian “allegations” of genocide seem to ignore the following:
Genocide is a legal, technical term precisely defined by the U.N. 1948 convention. Like all proper laws, it is not retroactive to 1915. Genocide verdict can only be given by a “competent court” after “due process” where both sides are properly represented and evidence mutually cross examined. For a genocide verdict, the accusers must prove “intent” which could never be done by the Armenians, whose evidence is mostly based on hearsay, misrepresentations, and/or forgeries. A “competent court” was never convened in the case of Turkish-Armenian conflict and a genocide verdict does not exist (save a Kangaroo court in occupied Istanbul in 1920 where partisanship, vendettas, and revenge motives left no room for due process.) Genocide claim, therefore is political, not historical, factual, or legal. It reflects bias against Turks. The term genocide must be used with the qualifier “alleged”, for truth, fairness and objectivity.
10- INSISTANCE ON GENOCIDE WITH A COURT VERDICT IS CALLED LYNCHING
Recognizing Armenian claim as genocide will deeply insult Turkish-Americans as well as Turks around the globe and destroy the excellent relations currently enjoyed between the U.S. and Turkey. It will, no doubt, please Armenians but disappoint, insult, and outrage Turkey, one of America’s closest allies since the Korean War of 1950-53. Turks stood shoulder to shoulder with Americans in Gulf War, Somalia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and more. American gratitude and thanks will appear to come (because of the Armenian lobby) in the form of the worst insult that can be dished out to an entire nation.
History is not a matter of “conviction, consensus, political resolutions, or propaganda.” History is a matter of research, peer review, thoughtful debate, and honest scholarship. Even historians, by definition, cannot decide on a genocide verdict, which is reserved for a “competent court” with its legal expertise and due process.
What we witness today amounts to lynching of the Turks to satisfy the age old Armenian hate, bias, and bigotry. Values like fairness, presumption of innocence until proven guilty, objectivity, balance, honesty, and freedom of speech are stumped under the Armenian lobbyists’ feet. Unprovoked , unjustified, and unfair defamation of Turkey, one of America’s closest allies in the troubled Middle East, in order to appease some Armenian activists runs counter to American interests.
http://www.turkla.com ,
http://www.ethocide.com,
http://www.tallarmeniantale.com
11 (BONUS) – HOLOCAUST IS FACT; GENOCIDE IS FICTION
JEWISH HOLOCAUST IS A FACT, ARMENIAN GENOCIDE IS AN ALLEGATION
Jewish Holocaust is a fact based on the verdict of a “competent tribunal”, Nuremberg, where the due process” was allowed to run its natural course and the accused were given a fair chance to cross-examine the evidence and question the witnesses produced by the accusers.
Armenian genocide, on the other hand, is an allegation. A fair “due process” a la Nuremberg was never allowed in the Turkish-Armenian conflict; there is no court verdict saying it is genocide. All we have is Armenian claims based on hearsay and forgeries, backed by intimidation, harassment, and terrorism by Armenians.
Those who compare the factual Jewish Holocaust with the bogus Armenian genocide, might wish to answer this simple question:
Did the Jews establish Jewish armies behind German lines, attack German armies’ rear, join the invading enemy armies, and kill half a million of Germans, in order to establish a Jewish state on German soil?
Of course not.
But Armenians committed all of those heinous crimes and much worse in the Ottoman Empire, from 1890 to 1920, causing 524,000 Muslim dead, mostly Turkish, with Armenian rebellions, terrorism, treason, and territorial demands.
How can the court-proven fact of Jewish Holocaust be compared to the baseless allegations of Armenian genocide?
whattttttt i iam so confused and have no i oh no runnnnn!
NO GENOCIDE VERDICT BY A COURT
There has never convened a “competent tribunal”, as foreseen by the article 6 of the 1948 U.N. Convention on Genocide where the accused were given a chance of fair representation, cross-examining the evidence, and producing own evidence in defense. Therefore, a genocide verdict does not exist. How can one deny something that does not legally exist?
Genocide charges are political and cannot be substantiated with historical evidence. That is why the Armenian claimants have never resorted to legal ways to establish the veracity of their claims and that is also why Armenia still does not come forward to accept Turkey’s 2005 offer of creating a joint commission of historians, scholars and researchers to sort out the contentious and complex matter.
Turkish offer still stands.
dear Writer,
you are too demanding. Do you want me to come down to your house and wash your dishes too?
Armenia and the hate-filled armenian diaspora groups in the US and the world should apologize for the crimes Armenian savages committed upon Azerbaijanis and Turks.
An Armenian crook who goes by the initias JDA, keeps using my name to post Armenian propaganda in blogs. Posting answers to Armenian falsifiers such as JDA (some call him the rat in Ararat) is about as useful as speaking Yiddish at a Nazi rally.
The Armenians who write hysterical anti Turkish stuff here make little sense, and cite propaganda and myth, not history.
What they do show is unintentional; they show that Genocidal rage and hatred, the type which allowed Armenian revolutionaries gleefully to kill pregnant Turkish women with knives, ripping out the fetuses, to starve the children while feeding their own, to club old women to death, and to murder the men outright.
Then, that rage belittled the few who survived, calling them “remnants of the sword”. Just as patriotism is the last refuge of scoundrels, morons like JDA (others call him Pinocchian) seek to prove they are true Armenians by the one thing that all Armenians either endorse or turn a blind eye towards [other than a few]: hating non Armenians, especially the Turks.
If Armenians were free of their hatred, their tone would be one of sorrow for the loss of a millennium of Turkish-Armenian and Muslim-Christian harmonious cohabitation in Anatolia, a sense of bewilderment at such staggering losses to Armenians and the world. Instead it is hate all the time, a gift of Andonian and Dro.
I used to carefully limit my remarks about the bogus Genocide to accusations against the leaders who planned the Armenian terrorism, rebellions, and treason. But we need to see that, in many instances, the common Armenian people went out and gleefully killed with staves, sticks and knives the unprotected and unarmed Muslim villagers, mostly Turkish women and children. The tradition of hating the Turks was in many instances communal, common, endorsed by Armenian priests.
Armenian websites are such genocidal places, where the rage against Turks merely for living continues. It is a fine Armenian tradition to exterminate the unarmed Turks, Kurds, Circassian, Azeris, Georgians, and Jews.